l type ca 2 channels  (Tocris)

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Prior Aerobic Exercise Training Fails to Confer Cardioprotection Under Varying Exercise Volumes in Early Post-Infarction Cardiac Remodeling in Female Rats

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13092221

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calcium-handling proteins. ( A ) PLB, total phospholamban; ( B ) PLB(Thr17/Ser16), phospholamban phosphorylated at serine 16 and threonine 17; ( C ) NCX1, sodium/calcium exchanger 1; ( D ) SERCA2a, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase; ( E ) LTCC, L-type Ca v 1.2 voltage-gated calcium channel; ( F ) RyR, ryanodine receptor. GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase constitutive protein. Boxplots (black squares with whiskers) with individual data points (small circles of different colors) and means (red circles) or 20% trimmed means (red squares). The p -value displayed above the boxplots refers to the ANOVA. Brackets were added to the graphs to represent significant differences in pairwise comparisons. ( B – D , F ) charts: Fisher’s one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons via Student’s t test. ( A , E ) charts: Welch’s ANOVA with trimmed means and pairwise comparisons via Yuen’s trimmed test. The GAPDH-LTCC and GAPDH-RyR are equivalent because the same membrane was used to detect LTCC and RyR through membrane stripping for Western blotting.

Article Snippet: The transferred proteins were then incubated at ~4 °C (overnight) with the following primary rabbit antibodies: anti-L-type high-voltage calcium channel Ca v 1.2 (LTCC) (1:10,000 ACC-003, Alomone, Jerusalem, Israel), anti-sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA2a) (1:1000 A010-20, Badrilla, Leeds, UK), anti-phospholamban phosphorylated at threonine 17 and serine 16 (PLB(Thr17/Ser16)) (1:5000 ab62170, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) (1:5000 ab177952, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), anti-4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (1:4000 ab46545, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and anti-GAPDH (1:20,000 D16H11, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), as well as the following primary mouse antibodies: anti-ryanodine receptor (RyR) (1:2000 ab2868, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and anti-total phospholamban.

Techniques: Membrane, Stripping Membranes, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) show no significant differences when recorded in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) and PP tubes (magenta). Insets show half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 (E) and Ca V 1.3 (F) at 0 mV show channel inactivation in glass (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) show no significant differences when recorded in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) and PP tubes (magenta). Insets show half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 (E) and Ca V 1.3 (F) at 0 mV show channel inactivation in glass (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Insets display time constant of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or polypropylene (PP) tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict percentage facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured by the difference between peak current amplitudes of P2 and P1 (P2-P1) voltage steps, in buffer solutions stored either in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Cell numbers represented in brackets. Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. (E and F) Exemplary cell-attached single-channel current traces of Ca V 1.2 coexpressed with the accessory subunit β 1 b in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (E) or PP tubes (F) . Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (G and H) Bar plots show open probability and dwell time analysis, while histogram plots display the single-channel current amplitudes of Ca V 1.2 cell-attached recordings obtained at 0 mV step of 2 sec in buffer solutions stored in glass bottles (G) or PP tubes (H) before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV for 100 msec. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots show mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict percentage facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured as peak current difference between P2 and P1 voltage steps (P2-P1), in solutions stored in glass bottles (black) or PP tubes (magenta). Cell numbers represented in brackets. Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. (E) Bar plots depict percentage VDF (P2 over P1 at 0 mV after 120 mV DPP) for indicated L-type channel combinations. Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001; ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta) or DMSO (black) before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV. Mean fitted plots (right) show maximum facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channel currents with 100, 250, or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP or DMSO control in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Cell numbers are denoted in brackets. (C and D) Exemplary cell-attached single-channel current traces of Ca V 1.2 coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded with DMSO (C) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (D) . Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Bar plots below display open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms show single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP (100 mV, 100 ms). n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing 1 μM 1,3-DTBB (red), DEHP (green), or 2,4-DTBP (magenta), or DMSO (black). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Bar plot quantifications depict VDF percentage of Ca V 1.2 (C) and Ca V 1.3 (D) whole-cell currents, measured by the difference between peak current amplitudes of P2 and P1 (P2-P1) voltage steps, in external solutions containing 1,3-DTBB (red), DEHP (green), or 2,4-DTBP (magenta), or DMSO (black). Two-way ANOVA used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of L-type Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing DMSO or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP before (P1) or after (P2) the DPP to 100 mV. Mean fitted plots (below) show maximum facilitation of Ca V 1.2 (A) and Ca V 1.3 (B) channel currents with DMSO, or 2,4-DTBP at 100, 250, or 500 nM in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above (C and D) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( C ) and Ca V 1.3 ( D ) channels coexpressed with β 1 b and α 2 δ 1 subunits in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing DMSO (black) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) voltage plots (below) of Ca V 1.2 ( C ) and Ca V 1.3 ( D ) show no significant differences between DMSO control (black) vs 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( E ) and Ca V 1.3 ( F ) at 0 mV show channel inactivation with DMSO (black) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Control, Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A and B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( A ) and Ca V 1.3 ( B ) channels coexpressed with β 1 b subunit in tsA-201 cells recorded in external solutions containing 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta) or DMSO control (black). Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (C and D) Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) versus voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 ( C ) and Ca V 1.3 ( D ) show no significant differences between 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta) and DMSO control (black). Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (E and F) Normalized current traces of Ca V 1.2 ( E ) and Ca V 1.3 ( F ) at 0 mV show channel inactivation with DMSO (black) or 500 nM 2,4-DTBP (magenta). Insets display time constants of inactivation (τ) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. R 400 plots represent the ratio of residual current at 400 msec to the peak current amplitude at voltage steps ranging from -50 to +40 mV. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Control, Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ). Side view (left) and top view (right) of human Ca V 1.2 α 1C protein backbone showing 2,4-DTBP binding at the DI–DII PD interface. (B) Zoomed view of 2,4-DTBP binding pocket at DI–DII fenestration. Key residues forming hydrophobic interactions and H-bonds with 2,4-DTBP in DIS6, DIS5, and DIIS6 are marked. (C) Root mean square deviation (RMSD) of protein backbone and 2,4-DTBP during MD simulation. (D) Time evolution of H-bond formation between 2,4-DTBP and polar N741 residue at the DIIS6 helix. (E) Zoomed view of DI–DII PD interface showing π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions between F357, F737, W708, and N741. (F) PCA of F737 and N741 side chains reveal distinct conformational clusters, with representative orientations shown below. (G) Centroid-to-centroid distances between F737-F357 and F737-N741 over simulation trajectories (above) with distance distributions represented as histograms (below). (H) Comparison of S6 helix movements with and without bound 2,4-DTBP.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Residue, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of DI–DII PD fenestration in Ca V 1.2 WT, F737A, F737Y, N741A, and N741Q mutants. Possible π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions shown as dotted lines. (B) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 point mutants at DI–DII PD fenestration coexpressed with β 1 b in tsA-201 cells before (P1) or after (P2) DPP to 100 mV. (C) Mean fitted plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and DI–DII PD mutants coexpressed with β 1 b in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Cell numbers are denoted in brackets. (D) Bar plots depict maximum VDF at 120 mV DPP for Ca V 1.2 WT and DI–DII PD mutants. Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. (E) Cell-attached single-channel traces of Ca V 1.2-F737A and Ca V 1.2-F737Y mutants coexpressed with β 1 b before and after DPP to 100 mV. Bar plots below display open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms show single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Current density (pA/pF) vs. voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and specified mutants. (B) Normalized conductance (G/G max ) vs. voltage plots of Ca V 1.2 WT and specified mutants. (C) Bar plots showing half-maximal activation voltages (V a ) for Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants. (D) Representative normalized whole-cell current traces of Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants at 0 mV, displaying inactivation differences. (E) Bar plot quantifications of the time constant of inactivation (τ) for Ca V 1.2 WT and mutants. All plots show mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, ns (non-significant).

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Structural representation of DII–DIII, DIII–DIV, and DI–DIV PD interfaces of Ca V 1.2 showing key aromatic and polar residues. (B) Mean fitted plots showing the maximum VDF of specified Ca V 1.2 mutant channels to DPP, ranging from 0-180 mV. (C) Bar plots show VDF quantifications of specified Ca V 1.2 mutants in comparison with Ca V 1.2-WT to DPP of 120 mV. (D) Bar plots comparing current density of specified Ca V 1.2 mutant channels vs WT. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ****p ≤ 0.0001, ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Structural representation of DI–DII PD interface in Ca V 2.1-WT and Ca V 2.1-T698F mutant. Possible π-H and π-π quadrangle interaction in Ca V 2.1-T698F mutant shown as dotted lines. (B) Aligned amino acid sequences of DIIS6, DIIP2, and DIP1 PD helices from human (h) and mouse (m) L-type (Ca V 1.1–1.4) and Ca V 2 (2.1–2.3) channels. Conserved and unique residues participating in π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions are highlighted. (C) Representative whole-cell current traces of Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants coexpressed with β 1 b in tsA-201 cells before (P1) or after (P2) DPP to 100 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. (D) Mean fitted plots of Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants in response to DPP ranging from 0 to 180 mV. Cell numbers are represented in brackets. (E) Bar plots display the maximum VDF at 120 mV DPP for Ca V 2.1-WT, Ca V 2.1-T698F, and Ca V 1.2-F737T mutants. Unpaired Student’s t-test used statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, **p < 0.0001, ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Aligned amino acid sequences of DIIS6, DIIP2, and DIP1 PD helices from rat (r) and rabbit (rb) L-type (Ca V 1.1–1.4) and Ca V 2 (2.1–2.3) channels. Conserved and unique residues participating in the π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions are highlighted. (B and C) Representative whole-cell current traces (top) with Current density (pA/pF) and normalized conductance (G/G max ) vs. voltage plots (below) of WT or mutants of Ca V 1.2/Ca V 2.1 channels. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box above. Insets display half-maximal activation voltages. (D and E) Normalized current traces (left) of WT and mutant Ca V 1.2/Ca V 2.1 channels at 0 mV showing channel inactivation. Time constant of inactivation (τ) plots (right) from exponential fits of 0 mV traces. All plots represent mean ± SEM (cell numbers in brackets). Unpaired Student’s t-test used for statistical significance. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ns, non-significant.

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: L-type channel voltage-dependent facilitation results from asymmetric π-H and π-π quadrangle interactions at DI–DII domains

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701029

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cell-attached single-channel traces of Ca V 1.2-F737T mutant coexpressed with β 1 b before and after DPP to 100 mV. Voltage protocol is represented in dotted box. (B) Bar plots showing open probability and dwell time analyses; histograms display single-channel current amplitudes before and after DPP. n = number of cells, N = number of single-channel traces. Paired Student’s t-test was used for statistical significance. All plots represent mean ± SEM. ns, p > 0.05 (non-significant).

Article Snippet: 20-24 hr after seeding, 2-3 μg of cDNAs of wild type (WD) or point mutated α1 subunit of L-type channel isoform Ca V 1.2 (α 1C , mouse, Addgene ID: 26572, ) or Ca V 1.3 (α 1D , rat, Addgene ID: 49332, ) in pcDNA6 backbone, was co-transfected with accessory subunits β 1 b (rat), β 2 a (rat), or α 2 δ 1 (rat) in pcDNA3.1 , into tsA201 cells in varied combinations, specifically mentioned in the results section.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Bioengineering

Article Title: Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca 2+ at Elevated Levels

doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10101208

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stimulation frequency-dependent modulation of retinal ganglion cell responses: ( A ) Ca 2+ imaging recordings of ganglion cells (GCs, mean of n = 6 retinas, m = 6 cells) elicited via sustained electrical stimulation (stim; 90 s) at various frequencies (0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 Hz; biphasic stimulus: −1.6/+1.5 V). Temporal magnification of the response’s initial, middle, and recovery phases is indicated in the inset boxes (15 s resolution). Experimental recording conditions: control (ctr) and in the presence of pharmaceuticals (cf. for site of action): mGluR6 agonist L-AP4, iGluR antagonist CNQX, VGNaC antagonist TTX, and VGCC blocker verapamil. ( B ) Representative Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ -release (CICR) events (black) were rarely recorded in a GC during subretinal stim.

Article Snippet: We used (in µM) 100 L-AP4 (mGluR6 agonist; L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid), 20 CNQX (AMPA/kainite-type GluR antagonist; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) obtained from TocrisBioScience (Bristol, UK); 100 verapamil (L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC) blocker) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany); and 30 TTX (sodium channel blocker; tetrodotoxin) obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).

Techniques: Imaging

Journal: Bioengineering

Article Title: Artificial Vision: The High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation of the Blind Mouse Retina Decay Spike Generation and Electrogenically Clamped Intracellular Ca 2+ at Elevated Levels

doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10101208

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of the ganglion cell Ca 2+ responses modulated by various frequencies and pharmaceuticals. Stimulation (stim) frequency ( x -axis: 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 Hz; biphasic stimulus: −1.6/+1.5 V)-dependent modulation of ganglion cell (GC responses under control (ctr, black) and in the presence of pharmaceuticals (colored) (cf. for site of action): mGluR6 agonist L-AP4, iGluR antagonist CNQX, VGNaC antagonist TTX, and VGCC blocker verapamil. Quantification of ( A ) δ -amplitude ( y -axis normalized, first response peak within early response phase; see ), and ( B ) estimation of elevated Ca 2+ levels ( y -axis normalized, average Ca 2+ level of middle recording phase; see ). For each condition, n = 6 retina, m = 6 cells. Error bars indicate ± SEM. Statistical analysis is provided in .

Article Snippet: We used (in µM) 100 L-AP4 (mGluR6 agonist; L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid), 20 CNQX (AMPA/kainite-type GluR antagonist; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione) obtained from TocrisBioScience (Bristol, UK); 100 verapamil (L-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC) blocker) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany); and 30 TTX (sodium channel blocker; tetrodotoxin) obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Afferent convergence to a shared population of interneuron AMPA receptors

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38854-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: a (left) Average CF line scans and CaTs before (green) and after (orange) the Ca 2+ -permeant AMPAR blocker NASPM (100 µM). a (right) Average CF EPSC before (black) and after (red) NASPM. b Similar images and traces for PF CaTs and EPSCs. Scale bars: image (100 ms, 3 µm), CaT (5% ΔG/R, 50 ms), EPSC (100 pA, 10 ms). c (left) NASPM block of CF- and PF-evoked CaTs (CF: 0.10 ± 0.011 to 0.029 ± 0.0048 ΔG/R, n = 11, p < 0.001, Two-tailed paired t -test; PF: 0.088 ± 0.0089 to 0.021 ± 0.0067 ΔG/R, n = 7, p < 0.001, Two-tailed paired t -test). c (right) NASPM block of CF- and PF EPSCs (CF: 431 ± 105 to 175 ± 36.0 pA, n = 8, p = 0.01, Two-tailed paired t -test; PF: 324 ± 32.1 to 67.3 ± 10.8 pA, n = 6, p < 0.001, Two-tailed paired t -test). d Comparison of NASPM block of CF and PF responses. NASPM blocked CF EPSCs less than PF EPSCs (0.44 ± 0.044 vs. 0.21 ± 0.025, n = 8 and 6), p = 0.02, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). Asterisk denotes p < 0.05. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided in the Source Data file: Source Data Figure3.xlsx.

Article Snippet: In experiments involving dual-pathway stimulation, blockers of L-type Ca 2+ channels (nifedipine; 10 μM, Tocris), T-type Ca 2+ channels (TTA-P2; 5 μM, Alomone Labs), and CB1 receptors (AM251; 1 μM, Cayman Chemical Company) were applied along with R-CPP.

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Responsiveness of voltage-gated calcium channels in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells on quasi-three-dimensional micropatterns formed with poly (l-lactic acid)

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S38362

Figure Lengend Snippet: Typical fluorescence images for 2D cells on flat substrates ( A ), and N2D and 3D cells in the 100–0 μm ( B ) and 100–20 μm ( C ) microwell patterns stained with DM-BODIPY for L-type calcium channels. Notes: The number on each image is microwell diameter-channel width in micrometers. Scale Bar = 100 μm. Abbreviations: 2D, two dimensional; N2D, near two dimensional; 3D, three dimensional.

Article Snippet: For staining, the samples were washed with HBS twice and then incubated for 1 hour with 2 μM of the L-type Ca 2+ channel dye DM-BODIPY (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) in HBS at 37°C.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Contributions of Ca V 1.3 Channels to Ca 2+ Current and Ca 2+ -Activated BK Current in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737291

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Ca 2+ chelators and Ca 2+ channel inhibitors on BK currents recorded from SCN neurons during the day and night. Paxilline-sensitive macroscopic BK currents were recorded from C57BL6 WT (A–E) and Ca V 1.3 WT (F) SCNs. All intracellular solutions in this study were made with 0.9 mM EGTA, except where 5 mM BAPTA was substituted (A–E) . Currents were elicited from a holding potential of −90 mV by 150-ms voltage steps from −110 to +90 mV in +20-mV increments. (A,B) Representative BK currents from −90 to +90 mV are shown from day (A) and night (B) SCN neurons. (C,D) Current-voltage plot comparing BK current density recorded in either control EGTA or BAPTA during the day (C) and night (D) . (E) Summary of BK current density at +90 mV recorded with control EGTA or BAPTA with Ca 2+ channel inhibitors 10 μM nimodipine (Nim) during the day, or 10 μM dantrolene (Dan) at night. In EGTA, Nim decreased BK currents compared to controls ( P = 0.0008), with no significant difference in BAPTA. At night, BK currents were decreased with BAPTA compared to control EGTA conditions ( P < 0.0001). Then Dan decreased BK currents in control EGTA ( P = 0.001), but BAPTA was not significant. (F) Ca 2+ channel inhibitor sensitivity in Ca V 1.3 WT SCN neurons. Summary of BK current density at +90 mV recorded with EGTA in control (no drug) conditions, or in the presence of Nim or Dan in day and night. Ca V 1.3 WT BK currents were decreased in Nim during the day compared to controls ( P = 0.01), but not Dan. At night, Ca V 1.3 WT BK currents were decreased in Dan compared to control ( P = 0.008) and Nim ( P < 0.0001), but Nim and control were not different. * P < 0.05, One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test between all conditions within day or night. N's represent individual cells recorded from C57BL6 WT (EGTA, BAPTA) day: control (11 neurons, three slices; six neurons, two slices); Nim (seven neurons, two slices; four neurons, one slice) and night: control (12 neurons, three slices; seven neurons, two slices); Dan (five neurons, two slices; three neurons, one slice). Ca V 1.3 WT (day, night): control (11 neurons, six slices; 12 neurons, three slices), Nim (14 neurons, four slices; 13 neurons, four slices), and Dan (five neurons, two slices; seven neurons, two slices). Data are mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Drugs used in these experiments were: L-type Ca 2+ channel inhibitor nimodipine (Nim, 10 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #N-150), Ryanodine Receptor inhibitor dantroline (Dan, 10 μM, Sigma, #D9175), BK current inhibitor Paxilline (Pax, 10 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #P-450) and Sodium channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #T-550).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Contributions of Ca V 1.3 Channels to Ca 2+ Current and Ca 2+ -Activated BK Current in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737291

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nimodipine-sensitive Ca 2+ currents from Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO SCN during the day and night. Macroscopic Ca 2+ currents were elicited from a holding potential of −90 mV by 150-ms voltage steps from −90 to +50 mV in +10-mV increments. Nimodipine-sensitive LTCC currents were isolated by subtracting currents obtained in 10 μM nimodipine from the total cell current. (A,E) Representative nimodipine-sensitive (Nim-sens) current traces from Ca V 1.3 WT (A) and Ca V 1.3 KO (E) neurons during the day (top current traces) and night (bottom). (B,C) Current-voltage plot for Ca V 1.3 WT Ca 2+ currents before nimodipine (total) and the nimodipine-sensitive (Nim-sens) current from day (B) and night (C) neurons. (D) Comparison of Ca V 1.3 WT nimodipine-sensitive normalized current density between day and night. Ca V 1.3 WT nimodipine-sensitive currents were larger during the day (at −10 mV) compared to night (at 0 mV) ( P = 0.01). (E) Representative nimodipine-sensitive currents from Ca V 1.3 KO neurons during the day (top current traces) and night (bottom). (F,G) Current-voltage plot of Ca V 1.3 KO total and nimodipine-sensitive currents from day (F) and night (G) neurons. (H) Comparison of Ca V 1.3 KO nimodipine-sensitive normalized current density between day and night. Ca V 1.3 KO nimodipine-sensitive currents were not different between day (at 0 mV) and night (at −10 mV) ( P = 0.2). (I,J) Comparisons of nimodipine-sensitive current densities from Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO SCN during the day (I) and night (J) . Ca V 1.3 KO nimodipine-sensitive currents were smaller than Ca V 1.3 WT currents during the day ( P = 0.009) but not at night ( P = 0.5). P < 0.05, unpaired Welch's t tests. N's represent individual cells recorded from Ca V 1.3 WT (eight neurons, three slices day; 10 neurons, four slices night) and Ca V 1.3 KO (12 neurons, two slices day; nine neurons, one slice night). Data are mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Drugs used in these experiments were: L-type Ca 2+ channel inhibitor nimodipine (Nim, 10 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #N-150), Ryanodine Receptor inhibitor dantroline (Dan, 10 μM, Sigma, #D9175), BK current inhibitor Paxilline (Pax, 10 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #P-450) and Sodium channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #T-550).

Techniques: Isolation

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Contributions of Ca V 1.3 Channels to Ca 2+ Current and Ca 2+ -Activated BK Current in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.737291

Figure Lengend Snippet: BK currents from Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO SCN during the day and night. Paxilline-sensitive macroscopic BK currents were recorded as in . (A) Summary of BK current densities at +90 mV recorded from Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO neurons during the day and night. BK currents were increased at night for both Ca V 1.3 WT ( P = 0.004) and Ca V 1.3 KO ( P = 0.007) compared to the day. * P < 0.05, unpaired Welch's t tests. (B) Percentage of SCN neurons with BK current in Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO neurons recorded in control conditions or in 10 μM nimodipine (Nim) during the day and night. The number of neurons exhibiting BK currents was not different between Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO ( P = 0.14, Fischer's exact test). N's: Ca V 1.3 WT, 12/13 (cell with BK current/total number recorded); Ca V 1.3 WT Nim, 10/14; Ca V 1.3 KO, 7/11 and night: Ca V 1.3 WT, 12/12; Ca V 1.3 WT Nim, 13/13; Ca V 1.3 KO, 6/6. (C,D) Current-voltage plot for normalized BK current densities from Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO neurons in control conditions (C) and after application of Nim (D) during the day. Ca V 1.3 WT BK currents were increased at +90 mV compared to Ca V 1.3 KO in control conditions ( P = 0.03) but not in Nim ( P = 0.6). * P < 0.05, Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test between WT and KO across −10 to +90 mV. (E) Current-voltage plot for BK current densities from Ca V 1.3 WT and Ca V 1.3 KO at night, in control and after application of Nim. Ca V 1.3 KO BK currents were increased at +30 ( P = 0.007), +50 ( P = 0.002) and +70 mV ( P = 0.01) compared to Ca V 1.3 WT in control conditions at night. N's represent individual cells recorded in (day, night): Ca V 1.3 WT (13 neurons, six slices; 12 neurons, three slices), Ca V 1.3 WT Nim (14 neurons, four slices; 13 neurons, four slices), and Ca V 1.3 KO (11 neurons, four slices; six neurons, two slices), and Ca V 1.3 KO Nim (three neurons, one slice; three neurons, two slices). Data are mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Drugs used in these experiments were: L-type Ca 2+ channel inhibitor nimodipine (Nim, 10 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #N-150), Ryanodine Receptor inhibitor dantroline (Dan, 10 μM, Sigma, #D9175), BK current inhibitor Paxilline (Pax, 10 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #P-450) and Sodium channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel, #T-550).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Abnormal Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms and Potential Therapies

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of intracellular Ca 2+ cycling in a normal muscle cell. Dystrophin stabilizes muscle cells by linking the cytoskeleton (F-actin, intermediate filaments, microtubule) to the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DAGC). Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release (CICR) occurs through activation of voltage-gated, L-type Ca 2+ channels (Ca v ) and the release of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) via ryanodine receptor (RyR). CICR activates muscle contraction. Resequestration of Ca 2+ back into the SR by SR Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA) initiates muscle relaxation. The physiological intracellular Ca 2+ level regulates mitochondrial Ca 2+ content and function and maintains cellular energetics. DG, dystroglycan; NCX, sodium–calcium exchanger; NHE, sodium–proton exchanger; PMCA, plasma membrane Ca 2+ ATPase; SAC, stretch-activated channels; SOCC, store-operated Ca 2+ channel; TRPC1, transient receptor potential channel 1.

Article Snippet: Although these observations signify the therapeutic benefits of L-type Ca 2+ -channel blockers in animal models, several clinical trials have revealed no clinical benefit in DMD patients (Spinazzola and Kunkel, ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Membrane

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Abnormal Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms and Potential Therapies

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of mechanisms causing Ca i 2 + overload in a dystrophin-deficient muscle cell. Loss of dystrophin causes destabilization of dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DAGC), membrane tear, and activation of store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs), resulting in abnormal Ca 2+ entry. High concentrations of extracellular ATP can activate abnormal Ca 2+ influx via P2X7. RyR dysfunction causes Ca 2+ leak from the SR and SERCA dysfunction compromises Ca 2+ resequestration. NOX activation can also increase RyR Ca 2+ leak. These changes result in abnormal and chronic elevation of the cytoplasmic Ca 2+ levels. Supraphysiological level Ca 2+ activates Ca 2+ -dependent proteases and phospholipase and causes muscle necrosis and replacement of muscle by fatty and fibrotic tissues. Sustained elevation of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ levels also affects mitochondrial function and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS). Collectively, these changes lead to muscle wasting and contractile dysfunction. Bold and broken arrows indicate the enhanced and decreased function of the Ca 2+ channels, respectively. Cx43, connexin 43; NCX, sodium–calcium exchanger; NHE, sodium–proton exchanger; NOX, NADPH oxidases; PMCA, plasma membrane Ca 2+ ATPase; P2X7, P2X purinoceptor 7; SAC, stretch-activated channels; SOCC, store-operated Ca 2+ channel; TRPC1, transient receptor potential channel 1.

Article Snippet: Although these observations signify the therapeutic benefits of L-type Ca 2+ -channel blockers in animal models, several clinical trials have revealed no clinical benefit in DMD patients (Spinazzola and Kunkel, ).

Techniques: Membrane, Activation Assay, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Abnormal Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms and Potential Therapies

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mitochondrial dysfunction in DMD. Schematic representation of mitochondrial structural and functional alterations in dystrophin-deficient cardiac/skeletal muscle cells. An abnormal elevation of Ca 2+ in the cytoplasm and mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) region resulted in increased mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake and enhanced activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. These changes impair mitochondrial function and mitochondrial dynamics and contributing to the metabolic crisis. Currently, there is no experimental evidence for the role of the MAM region and mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter (MCU) in the mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload in DMD. Bold and broken arrows indicate the enhanced and decreased function of the Ca 2+ channels, respectively. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ETC, electron transport chain; GRP75, glucose-regulated protein 75; IP3R, inositol trisphosphate receptor; MFN, mitofusin; NCLX, Na + -Ca 2+ -Li + exchanger; PLN, phospholamban; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RyR, ryanodine receptor; SERCA, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase; SLN, sarcolipin; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel.

Article Snippet: Although these observations signify the therapeutic benefits of L-type Ca 2+ -channel blockers in animal models, several clinical trials have revealed no clinical benefit in DMD patients (Spinazzola and Kunkel, ).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Membrane, Activation Assay, Permeability

Journal: Frontiers in Physiology

Article Title: Abnormal Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms and Potential Therapies

doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapies targeting dysregulated Ca 2+ directly or indirectly.

Article Snippet: Although these observations signify the therapeutic benefits of L-type Ca 2+ -channel blockers in animal models, several clinical trials have revealed no clinical benefit in DMD patients (Spinazzola and Kunkel, ).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Membrane, Over Expression, Expressing